Using air to Demould, and Hard Points

So, I think my tub is going to be an interesting thing to demould – basically more than 4m2 of cloth and it’s nearly all sloped edges. I’ve heard of people using air to demould and I have an air wedge, but that only gets in from the top. I’ve even optimistically bought a couple. The other way to do this is to build a function into the mould or part to inject air.

So, the way is to somehow get a thread into the part for an air-line connector to make a seal good enough to take some pressure. One needs something that gets through to the mould/part interface, without anything so ungainly as drilling and tapping a thread for said airline connector.

Ideally, one builds it in to the part.

The technique is to stick the face of a nut to the mould, and then build the layers of cloth around it. In order to stop the resin infiltrating the nut, one should take a bolt, coat the threads in wax and put that in the nut. If you just put the bolt in, there’s a strong chance infusion resin will get down the threadsl. Then, when you demould, you turn the bolt, crack the thread and you have a way to get the air in.

In order to get the air in, you need to take something that matches the thread, drill it out and then weld it to a air-line fitting. So, you can connect it to your airline and force air in. The other thing you can do, rather than do this, is just turn a bolt in to apply physical force to push the part off the mould.

OR, you can make one feature do two parts.

So, my plan is to weld the nut to a plate, cross drill the plate with a bunch of holes, and embedd the plate in the stack – like a hard-point. I will replace the core with the actual plate, so I am putting in a 5mm thick plate (ouch for weight).

I will then use this as a harness anchor point. So, rather than adding a couple or air-release points that are convenient for the mould, I’ll be adding four either side. Two below for the crotch straps, and one either side of the thighs for the leg straps. needless to say I need to be quite accurate for my positioning, and I’ll probably have to use 7/16 UNF rather than M10 to stay with the standard larger size anchor points (rather than have to do lots of explaining to scrutinisers that may not understand what I’ve done). The other smart bit of advice Vic gave me was to double up the cloth over the anchor point, which makes a lot of sense.

Conclusion: reuse is best. Anchor points can become release points. Viva El Presedente.

 

Half Shiny tub mould

Here we have a view of half the tub mould. It’s been flatted, sanded and polished. It’s not a fantastic mirror shine, but it really is quite shiny. in the left hand picture you can see some black gel-coat where I’ve had to make a repair or two. You can also see some white where I’ve flatted back to the undercoat. Not a problem here.

I’ve learned loads from this half, and now when I get time I’ll do the other half. Ideally finished this week. I think there were 5 hours of work in each half to get to this finish. Flatting was done with a P800 paper attached to a dual action orbital sander. Once flatted (and I’ve got other pictures showing how it looks so you can see if you’re finished the flatting process) I then ran over it with a P1200 to start the polishing. Then with a industrial polishing thing, a P1500 cutting polish, P2000 cutting polish, and then high-gloss and swirl removing polish.

Next steps are to apply mould cleaner and mould sealer. Then 5 coats of release compound. Then … I can actually lay up and pull a part.

Air in a composite, under the microscope

So, a while back, I was making a trial part for the tub to understand how much resin a 12 layer infusion would take with a 10mm core. I cocked that up, but since then, I’ve also done an excellent infusion for my floor pan, and I wanted to compare the differences in them both for you under the microscope, because I’m that amazing, informative guy.

Pants Infusion – With Lots of Air in

bubblesIn doing the infusion, I inadvertently admitted some air into the infusion, and it ran over the part. Also, I capped the infusion off once complete rather than letting the pump run for ages to try and pull the air out. Now I know better and know it should be under vacuum until it gels off.

So, what you can see here is a scale at 0.1mm per subdividing line. Ignore the 5mm bit. So, these bubbles are anything between 0.1 and 0.5mm wide. Wherever there’s a bubble, there’s a weakness. To the naked eye, they just look like a very fine dot.

Good Infusion, Where I Got It Right

So, this yellow bitch is going on the car. I had infused the resin at 28 degrees, with the mould also at about 30 degrees. I used a brewing mat under the resin to warm it.

no bubble

This time, you can see no air bubbles, and the weave is easy to see. It’s at the same magnification as the part above, but it’s at a different weave. This is 300gsm twill weave (rather than 2/2 twill) but has less threads per twill than above – more tightly woven if you like. I also let the pump run all night to ensure absolutely no spare resin remained in the part. I also have a new technique to ensure there isn’t any air in the original input pipe, when it’s submerged in the epoxy.

Now, I’ve Keyed it!

keying

In laying up the part, I put some strategically placed 1″ strips of peel-ply in where the chassis rails will be when it’s bonded in. Epoxy doesn’t stick to it peel-ply. When I took the part out and tore off the peel ply, I ended up with a nice keyed surface for the adhesive to the chassis. You can see it here. The crappy red fibers are just bits of the peel-ply I can’t get off. It’s incredibly thin nylon but the red threads are only at the edges. I don’t think they will (at all) compromise the quality of the adhesion.

 

How much will my tub weigh?

So, based on the sketch I made on the white board (below), I need to calculate just how heavy the tub will be. The main reason I need to calculate this is to be sure the 19kg I’ve taken out by chopping out all that steel and removing the ally panels isn’t then replaced by even more carbon.

 

 

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Method

I made a trial part, consisting of:

  • 4 * 600gsm carbon (2 above the core, 2 below)
  • 2 * 200gsm e-glass (1 above the core, one below)
  • 1 * 300 gsm aramid (on the bottom, facing the tarmac)
  • 1 * 300 gsm carbon (on the top, to look pretty)
  • 1 * 10mm thick closed cell foam for the core (in the middle)

The layup is symmetrical around the core, apart from the aramid on the bottom and the facing carbon on the top. I have discounted the weight of clear gel-coat applied to the finished part (assume 1kg at the end).

The part measured approximately 103mm * 204mm, and weighed 130g. This meant a unit weight of 0.006 g/mm2.

From this, I fed the dimensions of the panels above into my CAD package. Given a surface extruded to 1mm depth, it will tell me the mass of the panel, to a bazillion decimal places.

Conclusion

Part count Unit Weight Total Weight Running Total
Tunnel Side 2 2.37 4.74 4.74
Tunnel Top 1 1.16 1.16 5.9
Back 2 1.0375 2.075 7.975
Base 2 2.7 5.4 13.375

So, if I go for this, the new tub will weigh 6 kg less than the original steel work.

Assumptions

  • 10mm closed cell foam is used uniformly. This won’t be the case – the sides do not need a 10m core – I will probably go for a 3mm core.
  • the base, back and top of the tunnel need to be strong in bending load, the sides need to be strong in lateral load. As such, I can use a thinner (or even no core) for the sides. I think I will save 1kg there.

I’ve given birth to a mould

IMG_1725.JPGHere’s the tub finally released before it was lifted out. It took quite an effort to release it, with multiple use of wedges, squirting water, and at one point, the 2lb percussive force transduction instrument to knock out the internal bracing in the transmission tunnel out. There was a large amount of plasticine in one part when I was filling in an undercut. At one point I was lying on the ground and trying to push the mould up and out with my feet. There was also some action with the trolley-jack as well to free it up.

IMG_1731.JPG         Here it is out of the tub. It hasn’t been trimmed yet and it didn’t really change colour as I could see after I post-cured it, but it feels as solid as a rock. It’s pretty heavy as well, and I can’t move it around on my own. You can see where you sit, and it’s not symmetrical – it was not designed to be – the Fury has a bend in the transmission tunnel to allow the engine to be offset to the passenger side a little bit to set the weight balance more evenly 50/50 down the centre-line.

 

 

IMG_1730.JPGNow we’re looking down it as you sit in it. It is worth noting that the footwells are only in the mould to make it a closed container. I will lay a couple of layers of e-glass in there just to keep the part dimensionally stable, but they will be cut out of the final part. This then gives access to your feet for the CF footwell and steel footwell I have already made. I will need to cast up some jointing strips between the tub and the footwells, just to make extra sure everything passes force to everything else. This process will be a really easy moulding process – just put some gel-coat down,  and then slap some shredded glass putty (like isopon p40)  behind it. I may use glass and epoxy paste though, to ensure better mould compatabity. If I use this, I will need to bake it for a while to be sure all the styrene is out, else I won’t get a good epoxy part.

 

IMG_1728.JPGHere is the mould now fully out of the car. It’s a positive mould (if you hadn’t guessed) and needs trimming and polishing. There are one or two bubbles behind the coupling coat where the gel-coat will come off, so these need either digging out, or if there’s a small break, in a larger bubble, I can inject repair gel-coat in behind it which will bridge the gap and make a solid plug with the minimum of sanding and polishing. Most of the tub gel-coat is really solid though.

 

IMG_1726.JPGHere it is from the other side. The white stuff you can see all over the place is the plasticine I used to form the inner radii. I will scrape it off, and then clean it off (hopefully acetone will shift it), then it’s polish, polish, polish.

I have a machine polisher so it’s actually not much of a chore, and there are two coats of gel down, so if I start seeing white behind the gray, I know I’ve gone as far as I dare.

 

 

IMG_1732.JPGHere we have an inner radius with the plasticine scraped off. There’s a small ridge there (looks a lot worse in the photo) which will sand off with a bit of wet-and-dry. I will start with a fine grade (say 800) and see how that does, before finishing off with 1200, then 1500, then polish, then wax.

 

 

 

 

IMG_1729.JPGFinally, here’s the money shot down the tunnel.

The inner radius transferred brilliantly from the part, but it will need some rubbing to bring up to a good polish. I did form the shape with body-filler and then waxed it, so it was always going to be an OK finish. Because I sprayed PVA release over the poly board (which is meant to have a good inherent release), I didn’t get the full shine from it, but there is a bit of a shine there already. It will be trivial to polish up.

 

 

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Look at the bloody mess the demoulding process made. This was after I gave the garage a bit of a tidy and did a tip run. Sigh. Guess I’ve got to do it all again.

 

 

Dry stack weight

This is a sample stock of the cloth I’m going to use in the final tub.i’ve waited now and I’m going to wait again after I have infused and peeled it out so that I can understand just how much redding it up salt. This stack is 200 mm X 200 mm Square. 

I will feed the approximate dye mentions of the top into my CAD package to get the square service area and then do some addy ups and divides which will tell me how much the stack ought to weigh. 

 

When PVA goes wrong

When trying to overspray the PVA with a very dilute solution, we find it fish-eyes and no amount of brush-work puts it right. 

Peel it off, wash it off, and start again

 I could have gone for leaving the matte finish from the original PVA I laid down but then that would have negated all the benefits of using the really nice shiny plastic. Only option is to clean it all off and start again. If I was to go with a matte finish, it would mean lots of time spent polishing parts rather than letting the part material do the work for me.

   

PVA Partially applied, and a mistake, I think

 

IMG_1647.JPGSo, here’s the tub, with a dust cover over the top. Great, thinks I – all is now ready for spraying. To be sure it’s ready, I have vacuumed it and cleaned it with a micro-pore cloth and panel-wipe.

 

 

 

 

 

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Now, I’ve started spraying the PVA. There’s still lots to do though – I want a nice thick heavy coat on. It’s a shiny finish PVA, but it’s not coming up as shiny as the original back on the poly board.

So, my potential problem is that I have left it a little tacky when I put the dust cover back on. It will, or it won’t stick. It is release film so I stand a chance. worst case is I get a sponge brush from East Coast Fibreglass, and they reckon you can get a good finish from that.

Needless to say, I can resurrect some of the finish imperfections here in the final part. The final part will have an outer layer of clear gel-coat which will take a bit of flatting and polishing if I need it to.